Prague's history dates back over a thousand years, making it one of the most historically rich cities in Europe. Founded in the 9th century, it developed around Prague Castle, which became the seat of the kings of Bohemia and the Holy Roman emperors. During the Middle Ages, Prague thrived as a centre of trade, culture, and power, especially during the reign of Charles IV in the 14th century, who commissioned many of the city's most iconic landmarks, including Charles Bridge and Charles University.
The city played a significant role in the Protestant Reformation and the Thirty Years' War, experiencing periods of prosperity and turmoil. In the 20th century, Prague became the capital of the newly independent Czechoslovakia but also faced Nazi occupation during World War II and Soviet control during the Cold War. The Prague Spring of 1968 and the Velvet Revolution of 1989, which peacefully ended communist rule, are essential moments in the city's modern history. Today, Prague is a thriving cultural and political centre known for its stunning architecture and vibrant artistic scene.